Originally I used Chrome for the test, but repeated it in Firefox so that I could get accurate timing data.
Here is my test:
I connected to my encrypted VPN service. I started Firefox and used private mode to avoid caching. I loaded a video from youtube. Below is a screen shot of the load time for the video while using Verizon DSL with an encrypted VPN. Notice it took 30 seconds to load 2.9 MB of video.

Next, I closed the browser and disconnected from the VPN. I started firefox in private mode again (to avoid caching) and loaded the same video. This time it took 1 minute and 57 seconds to load 2.9MB of video! This is 4 times slower! Verizon is clearly throttling the video. Image below.

I urge people using Verizon (or any ISP) to perform their own tests. Make these incidents known!
EDIT: At this point I have only tested with youtube. I may test with other sites in the future. Subjectively, Hulu seems ok today.